Development of settlement in the Karkonosze Mountains

It is worth noting, that beheading in 1635 r. in Regensburg, count Hans Ulrych von Schaffgotsch (suspect together with a friend and commander-in-chief of the imperial troops, the famous Albrecht Wallenstein, and his brother-in-law, Count Adam Erdman Trćkou from Lipa, residing in Nachod, for a plot against the emperor), and then temporary confiscation of a part of family property, did not inhibit the movement of refugees from the Czech Republic, and then also from the Kłodzko region, where the residents were forced to recollect. About that, how complicated the situation was then, the fact is best, that some of the indigenous people emigrated to Saxony, taking care, that they are too persecuted in Silesia, and in their place refugees from the Czech Republic and the eastern part of Silesia came, for whom there was almost a paradise on earth. It is a fact, that the dissenters were less persecuted here by officials of the imperial court than on the Czech side of the mountains and could all the time devote themselves to religious practices, although at certain times they were illegal. Pastors and faithful gathered for services in forest glades, between the rocks (Protestant churches were confiscated), preachers hid among the population or near places of worship. The names of the rocks are the traces of these events: Above, Theater, Leśny Zbór and others.

Greater religious tolerance was forced, to some extent, by the dispersion of buildings. You have to remember, that after the end of hostilities, the surviving population generally returned to the village – although often there was not much to go back to, and it follows from the chronicles of that time, that, as a rule, in a large village or town, counting 2000-3000 a few inhabitants remained, several dozen at most. However, even in these partially depopulated villages there was no room, and above all, land for emigrants, who by necessity settled in free lands, so in the mountains, above the existing villages, in colonies and hamlets. There were no conditions for farming.

To survive, they had to do other jobs: pastoralism and cheese making, logging wood, carpentry, and finally, servicing more and more hikers (guided tours, porterage, making souvenirs), as well as completely new professions (herbalism).

In the second half of the 17th and the first half of the 18th century,. in the Giant Mountains on both sides of the border – perhaps even more clearly in the Czech Republic, a characteristic type of settlement and development had developed. The mountains have already been significantly deforested (almost like today, only for other reasons). They were dotted to the ridges with scattered farms and shepherd's huts, in which, according to some data, it was supposed to live, only on the Silesian side, even to 5000 people (in the entire Karkonosze Mountains their number was estimated at approx 14 000 in close 2000 bud i chat), so the equivalent of a large city at that time on the peaks of the highest mountains! This, of course, was conducive to further deforestation in the area. Although the industry was already switching to hard coal widely and the demand for charcoal was coming to an end, it was the inhabitants of these high-lying settlements who needed grazing areas and some minimal plots. The network of roads and paths grew denser, mountain pine was massively cut down, The Karkonosze Mountains are mainly covered with meadows. Of course, some only lived in the mountains in the summer, but more and more residents stayed here all year round and had to communicate with the world. Hence, in winter, carps for walking and sleds for transport became popular.

Today, there are few traces of this development on the Silesian side, which most often survived only in local names. Almost all scattered booths and homesteads have disappeared, even whole settlements, like Budniki, after which only information remained, that it was the only village, which from November to March the sun's rays did not reach. Hence, the annual celebration of farewell and greeting the sun was a local folkloristic and sightseeing curiosity..

Still after 1945 r. traces of these estates were clearly visible in Budniki, in the clearing, in Borowice, Karpacz Górny or Jakuszyce, but over time either the buildings disappeared (Budniki, Clearing), or the settlements became holiday resorts and the buildings were concentrated. Currently, this type of development can be best observed on the Czech side (Horni Mala Upa, Rennerovky, St. Peter, Jeleni Boudy).

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